Jesus same happened to me so frustrating! Everything working ok, then slowly increase of writing failures and power resets, and strange clicking, eventually all disks drop, scary every time it happened

I swapped every server part before the PSU. Updated Linux, downgraded, tried kernel options... At some point I thought btrfs was the problem so I created an mdadm ext4 raid but got the same problem

It was a btrfs raid 1, lots of fs errors, and files missing until restart, as some disks were down. But didn't lost any data (take that ZFS!) besides the one being transferred as the disks/array went down anyway

Copy-on-write file systems such as ZFS should be resilient to power outages.

How does power fluctuations or cutoff cause data loss in ZFS?

I frequently force shutdown my laptop and PCs with ext4 when they hang, and never lost data.

A bad PSU is not at all comparable to a hard reset. A bad PSU can cause individual writes to fail without the entire computer shutting down, and these failures can and will happen simultaneously across multiple disks since they are all connected to the same faulty PSU. If a filesystem wanted to guard against this kind of failure, I suppose it could theoretically stagger the individual disk write operations for a given RAID stripe so they don't happen simultaneously. (Implementation is left as an exercise to the reader.)

> and never lost data.

How do you know?

I've seen a transient error due to a misconfiguration of ALPM that XFS/ext4/etc probably would have never caught, but ZFS did.

Because a good part of it is checksumed with restic.

As mentioned, it was not usually manifesting as power outage. Random components would fail. Presumably because the PSU was able to keep the system nominally "running" but not delivering the right power to components.

I also experienced some random reboots, things that also looked to me like bad memory... I suspected bad memory at some point. But swapping the PSU did the trick.

I just recently had a case where writes to an M2 SSD on a newly built computer would frequently fail. Reads were OK.

After replacing the SSD twice and then rebuilding everything using a different motherboard, it turned out it was the PSU.

Really hard to diagnose problems like this.

> Writes would fail on multiple disks at the same time. That's why it was data loss.

This doesn’t sound like data loss but rather a fault preventing writing… it would be data loss if confirmed writes were lost.

Yep, designing around the write hole is hard, especially with non-enterprise equipment. Lots of firmware does unsafe things with cached data and will tell you data has hit disks that has not. The file system can't really do anything about this either, other than tell you after the fact that the data that should be there isn't (which ZFS is very good for).

You can disable write caches for safety, but note that this is very hard on performance.

I was a little imprecise on my words. It would lose recent writes seemingly randomly, and reading those back would fail. It seemed that caches could mask this for a while.

POSIX systems are pretty lax with this sort of failure. write(2) and close(2) can succeed if you write to cache. If the actual write failure occurs later there is typically no way to let your process know.

What did that look like in terms of error messages etc? I'm guessing ZFS would try to write the checksum, which wouldn't work and then throw an error? I assume it never impacted data that already resided on disk?

zpool status showed an identical number of checksum failures across drives, and status -v would list certain files as corrupt. Reads on those files would return EIO. It was always recently written files.

A large file copy would predictably trigger it. Other times it was random.