I've always found the English language to simply be lacking here. In for instance Dutch there is a very clear distinction between half-open and closed intervals: "x tot y" is always half-open, "x tot en met y" is always closed. Whereas in English, "x until y" can mean both things, with all the resulting misunderstandings.
We have "to" and "through" in English to distinguish them. Unfortunately "to" isn't always as strict as I'd like...
"Until" I'd think of as being the strict "to", except something about it feels off like it couldn't just be dropped in every place to/through can be used.