They are, but they're equally valid the other way. Why start with the assumption that Puritan sensibilities are OK and require everything else to prove itself?
Because Vonnegut made an affirmative claim that this doesn't hurt children, and the comment was challenging that claim. I didn't notice anyone making a claim that it definitely does hurt children.
Evidence is hard to untangle from other social factors. It is relatively safe to say that people have in the past not been sheltered from rough language and did just fine in most every culture. Sheltering children started about Victorian times I suppose, later than children got removed from dreary factory work in the generalized Western culture. (And incidentally later all kinds of work.)
So no, the onus of evidence is on people claiming that rough language hurts children in some way. (Note we're not talking about abusive language here.)
It's ok to say "it doesn't appear to" but the onus of evidence is always on someone making a positive claim. It's safe to say that children have historically not been sheltered from many things that are today definitively known to cause harm, so the appeal to the past is not a strong one here.
The question "Why damage children at all by choice?" rests on the implication that these things damage children, and avoiding them avoids damaging children.