I find these kinds of very basic intro articles frustrating. They till the same ground over and over: a tiny instruction set implemented with a switch statement. None of the more difficult issues are addressed: exception handling, linking to libraries or other programs written for the same VM, portability of programs across architectures, accessing the OS for services like file I/O, time, etc.-- All the things that make a toy not a toy.
Every CS student in the world has written a toy VM just like this one.
That's a little ungenerous of you. The toy VM has presented an aha! moment to all of us at one time - or more than once, when you learn about Turing equivalence and the rabbit hole that leads from that.
Skip the articles beneath your skill level and move along.
Agreed, it was a bit ungenerous, esp. b/c I didn't realize til someone mentioned it below that the author was a teenager.
My objection, though, is not what's above/below me, it's that given the title, I was expecting a deeper article only to find one that has appeared numerous times. It was frustration I was expressing more than condescension. But you're quite right in using the term "ungenerous." I appreciate the gentle reproof.
The details you're talking about are pretty much just details; for instance, a foreign function interface for C functions (and thus system calls) is a pretty straightforward exercise that involves just a bit about the C ABI for your platform.
It's much easier to teach someone who knows how to build a basic register machine how to set up the stack for a call to a C function than it is to teach someone who doesn't know how a register machine works how to build one.
Also: there are reasons you might want to build a simple VM that has no access to system services and no notion of an exception. BPF is a good example of such a virtual machine.
If there's something frustrating about this article to me, it's that it lacks a motivating example. Why would you want to build this VM? What are you compiling down to it from?
Since I also wrote a toy VM where the toolchain supports linking of different code files (albeit the runtime doesn't implement CALL / RET) I decided to make a blog post about this specific topic.
I feel the same way. I went to read the post expecting a lot more than what I found and came away feeling both more knowledgeable than I thought I was and more ignorant for not knowing that I could get away with calling what a saw a "Virtual Machine"
It's an instruction set, with an instruction dispatcher, a stack, and a register file. Why would it surprise you that someone would call it a VM?
Are you maybe getting your signals crossed between the kind of VM this article is talking about (in the p-code sense of a VM) and virtualization systems?
Every CS student in the world has written a toy VM just like this one.