I never heard of a pastry called "montagnard". What does it look like?
I think a reference to a political group of a bygone age would be way too obscure (not sure why you mention 1848, the Revolution was long over by then). The primary sense of the noun "montagnard" is "somebody living in the mountains".
It's not a pastry, but a Baguette with a roast meat, salad, cheese slice with a mustard sauce. When I have another one I'll ask for more details why it's named so.
The 'montagnard' reference is accurate and describes a political group during the '48 revolution. 23 June 1848, look it up.
Just a small correction since you are into French, it's spelled Montagnard.