The gene for the “short” wavelength cone† is located on chromosome 7, whereas the genes for the others are located on the X chromosome. Since females have two X chromosomes, it is possible for them to have 2 variant copies of the long or medium cone genes. (Since males only have one X chromosome, color vision deficiencies caused by a missing or abnormal copy of one of the medium/long cone pigment genes are much more common than for females.)
It would certainly be possible for a genetic mutation to result in an extra mutated copy of the short cone pigment gene, but I don’t think I’ve heard of variants of this gene with slightly different light sensitivity than the usual type (they might exist though?). By contrast “non-standard” version of the medium cone pigment gene is relatively common.
† We should properly refer to the cones as long, medium, and short rather than red, green, and blue, since color is computed from differences in cone responses.
It would certainly be possible for a genetic mutation to result in an extra mutated copy of the short cone pigment gene, but I don’t think I’ve heard of variants of this gene with slightly different light sensitivity than the usual type (they might exist though?). By contrast “non-standard” version of the medium cone pigment gene is relatively common.
See: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OPN1SW http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OPN1MW http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OPN1MW2 http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/OPN1LW
† We should properly refer to the cones as long, medium, and short rather than red, green, and blue, since color is computed from differences in cone responses.