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The problem with the `-e` flag is if you want to output custom errors, say json. I prefer to have bash inspect status codes.

    if [ $? != 0 ]; then
        echo "{\"error\": \"Failed to connect to the database.\"}" >&2;
        exit 1;
    fi


Just do it all in the condition instead of separately:

    if ! command_that_may_error; then
        echo "{\"error\": \"Failed to connect to the database.\"}" >&2;
        exit 1;
    fi




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