1.- A couple of seconds. But that's for an esoteric language that was a trivial modification of another esoteric language :-). As for how long it takes you, it depends on how smart you are, what your definition of "learning a language" is, what languages you know and how strangely you've used them, and what language you're learning. It takes more effort to learn the language's libraries than the "language", except for really unusual languages.
2.- It depends on what experience you have and how translatable that experience is to the current project.
3.- It depends on whether that language is PHP ^_^
So, to summarize: It depends.
Edit: actually, just read what brlewis said, which is a more useful response for your situation (given certain assumptions about how fluent you are).
2.- It depends on what experience you have and how translatable that experience is to the current project.
3.- It depends on whether that language is PHP ^_^
So, to summarize: It depends.
Edit: actually, just read what brlewis said, which is a more useful response for your situation (given certain assumptions about how fluent you are).