1. Cluttered thoughts

When I develop software, very little of that time is spent typing. If you were to watch me program, what you'd see is someone sitting in a chair doing nothing. Before I write a single line of code, I'll examine my future program in my head, poking, prodding, trying out different approaches, weighing the benefits, considering edge cases, and so on. I cannot do this if distracted by talking or typing, as it clutters up my thought process (unless the task is quite trivial). Because of this, pair sessions tend to be awkward, with me not saying much and not typing much 90% of the time. What I can do effectively is design a system and then ask someone to critique it before I start coding it out.

2. Social exhaustion

I have a hard enough time dealing with the exhausting process of social interaction as it is. I don't avoid it entirely, because I know that it's important. However, my mental stamina is also important if I'm going to be doing anything useful, so I try to strike a balance between social obligation and isolation. I've never paired for more than a couple of hours, which is draining and becomes stressful before long. I can only imagine that I'd be climbing the walls after 8 hours of that.

3. The zone

I like programming in the zone. Everything becomes so easy and flows so nicely, but it can sometimes take a long time to get into the zone, and it's fragile and breaks easily. I find it impossible to enter the zone if I'm talking.

The exhaustion you get used to. I feel more tired after 8 hours of pairing than 18 of solo.

There seems to be a strong correlation between people pushing pair programming and people I wouldn't want to work with in the first place.

Looking back at over 7+ years of pairing I still believe there is wide range of value to the practice and it has made me a much better developer but like anything its value varies greatly depending on your context. I've also come to realise there times when it can be wasteful and even destructive.

Innovation is one very good example where I believe there both needs to finely balanced tension between time to work alone and collaborate together. Take a look at the studies around problem solving by groups vs individuals as to why. Similarly, pairing can also have positive and negative effects on learning and varies greatly depending on an individual's learning styles.

The funnest thing came at the end of our discussion. Having collectively realised the folly of our pair programming crusade over all these years one of the group looked back to see what one of its biggest champions Kent Beck had to say on the subject in his book Extreme Programming Explained. Categorically he said that you shouldn't pair all the time.

I've no doubt that pair programming is a great way to spread knowledge around an organization. However my suspicion is that there's a much less sexy practice, also primarily promoted as a way to prevent defects, that could do the job much more efficiently: Regular code reviews.

I'm really only thinking that way for one simple reason: In pair programming, a normal conversation will involve only two people. That means that when a concept's being explained, it's being explained to only one other person. When a new idea's being vetted, it's being vetted by only one other person. When a future challenge is being considered, it's being considered by only one other person. That's always seemed horribly inefficient to me, considering that with a code review you could stick six people around a projector and achieve the same spread of information in as little as one fifth of the time.

That said, for other tasks such as getting new developers up to speed and integrated into the team I doubt there's anything better.

I hate these kinds of articles because it perpetuates this stereotype that introverted developers are unemployable.

In my experience, productivity and communication skills fall on a spectrum. Some people are very productive, but have bad communication skills; other people have great communication skills, but usually aren't nearly as productive. The first type hate pair programming, the second type loves it. Braintree is a company that culturally hires people who have great communication skills, but has to double up to be productive.

I think what is best is to just hire whoever, and let them work the way they want. If you want to work in pairs with someone, let them. If you want to work along, let them do that too. I hate this dogmatic thinking that its best that everyone work the same way.

I still do it, because the code quality gains are too big to miss out on.

The only time I've ever used pair programming is during education, but at that point you're basically sockpuppeting the other programmer.

There was basically no open source. If we needed something, we found it in libc, or wrote it, and if it was good, others in the company used it too.

It was incredibly productive and satisfying.

At my current company, I find much less up-front design. We don't do pair programming, so the collaboration tends to be at the end of the process, during code review. And good god, there is no end to the code reviews. I don't understand how anyone can do both good code reviews, and good software development. There isn't enough time or attention for both. I notice that when we're getting toward the end of a release, there is all sorts of shorthand in the code reviews. Reviews like "looks good to me", "nothing jumps out at me", "I only did a cursory scan", etc. This is shorthand for "our process requires code review, so I'm claiming that I've done a code review, but really I haven't." So we end up with no collaborative design at times. And of course, when code review does work, we're finding design flaws late.

There is far less NIH these days, and that's a good thing. There are high quality projects out there, and you can grab one, evaluate it, and save yourself a lot of time. This saves time on building things that are tangential to whatever it is you are trying to do.

But reuse can also go wrong in a few ways. You may spend a lot of time wading through crap. You may try something out, commit to it, and then discover the flaws only much later. You can spend a lot of time finding an open source solution to a problem, learn the API, tweak the internals to improve the fit, and then in hindsight realize that you would have been better off just writing the thing yourself. Frameworks are especially prone to this problem. Yes, they do a lot of things for you, but you have to drink so much kool aid to get the benefit. And then there is inertia, and you tend to fight the framework once you stray from the exact approved way in which it's supposed to be used. Another problem with just downloading something is that your less talented developers tend not to question how the thing works, and not have a good understanding of how it is best used, and what you'd better not try.

What I find is that with all this browsing, and downloading, and trying things out, and making things fit, and reading code, and fixing trivial things demanded by the process, and in general, just doing things in the modern way -- there is just no time for thinking about things hard, forming an idea, and taking the time to express it cleanly.

I won't even get into the latest, highly interactive project management cults. Daily scrums are the modern equivalent of TPS reports.

I haven't tried pair programming and I never will. I'll leave a job if asked to pair program. I'll leave the profession if necessary and program as a hobby. For me, the reason I put up with all the nonsense is those few hours a week when I can actually get a nice problem to work on, think about it, come up with a solution, make it simpler, simpler, simpler, code it, make it simpler some more, and make it fast. Put on the music, get into the zone, and think and hack. Seems much harder to do in recent years.

Now, if you're writing novel code, new algorithms, working with big data, or writing performance or security critical software, then I can see how the heads-down approach might be more effective. For these projects, maybe understanding the whole system is less critical than, say, programming your component to be 100% optimized.

By taking a practice as a core value, they are implicitly stating that it is the One True Way to do things, which means that anyone NOT doing it the One True Way is doing it wrong (to the point that they refuse to hire anyone unwilling to toe the line). I wonder how these people would feel entering a company whose One True Way is waterfall development? Because up until a decade and a half ago, that WAS the One True Way.

I think this is a good point. There's definitely a risk of dogmatism when we start defining ourselves through a certain process.

I wanted to use the post to explore how a process like pairing influences company culture. I don't mean to imply that the process IS the culture.

I think it's fine, and probably very helpful, for development teams to be opinionated about process. But opinionated is not the same thing as dogmatic.

I mentioned this in a reply to comment on our site, but we also worry a little bit about creating a monoculture and groupthink. We try to fight this by leaving room every week for people to spike things out on their own in open dev time: https://www.braintreepayments.com/braintrust/walking-the-tal...

In our interview process, we want developers who like writing software, and want to improve. Asking about side projects, software topics they're researching on their own, languages they're playing with, seems to be a useful thing to focus on. Or at least, I tend to like candidates with good answers to those questions. That's a monoculture I think I'd actually like.

I tend to think that design by committee, even with a committee of two, reliably produces inferior results. So when really novel work is necessary a much better way to put two people on the same task is to have them both take a crack at it independently and then come back together to see what works best. Sometimes competition is the best form of collaboration.

I agree, I dislike "design by committee". However, sometimes you get to work with those magical, rare people who are both seasoned architecture gurus and have very good social and speaking skills. Working with these kinds of people is an absolute joy -- I will learn more in an hour of watching a skilled developer program than I will from a month of reading online material.

Braintree's core product is a payment processing gateway. If we go down, get hacked, or introduce serious bugs, our customers can't run their businesses. As I said in the article, we pair for almost everything, and we find it helps us write great software that stays up and stays secure.

I should have focused on the distinction between the size of companies -- that seems like a more accurate framework. I suppose I meant "performance" in the sense of low-level algorithm efficiency rather than high-level scalability and reliability. A misuse of the term on my part.

Good grief, yes.

I've observed this not just in coding, but across the board. For example, the young accountant who accepted verbatim and as authoritative every number that came out of the system.

The point of a lot of those reports was really to raise questions, not to provide pat answers.

Writ large, a lot of this "social" endeavor seems, one way or another, to mask a shallow grasp of the material at hand.

And, personally, having experienced how distracting it is for me and counter-productive vis à vis deep thought, I can't but consider it also causative.

I do collaborate. Very well. But not "24/7" while trying to avoid spilling my ramen noodles on the other person's lap.

I love to collaborate - at the whiteboard or during design review. When it's time to code, however, I'd much prefer to be left to my own keyboard.

"Social programming ideas are nuts." and then you follow that with "My company does collaboration wrong by saving it all until the very end of a project where it's too late."

The piece directly addresses this by stating that pair programming is trading a short-term cost (doubling up programmer resources on the project) for a long-term gain (far fewer errors, fixes and less review and deeper developer knowledge).

If pair programming meant you didn't have such painful, never-ending code reviews, would you still think it's such a horrible idea?

And yes, for me personally, pair programming is a horrible idea no matter what. Pair programming vs. code reviews is a false choice. Ideal for me is design up front, away from the keyboard, and then everyone goes off, by themselves, and does their thing. Or in pairs, if that works for both of them.

"I've had positive and negative experiences with pair programming. Your blog post only contains the positives. What are some of the negatives that braintree has experienced with your heavy emphasis on pair programming?"

Then there is the removal of code review meetings/gate keeping. Little to no team silos and higher team redundancy. Faster team member ramp up. Lastly, higher code quality.

I'm not so sure that pair-written code should be exempt from code reviews. The two people who wrote the code made a bunch of decisions in the heat of the moment (and possibly under time pressure), and both are emotionally invested in the code that they wrote. If it's reviewed later by people who weren't involved in writing the code, it's likely that they'll notice problems that the original programmers did not, or see better ways of doing things.

I think being forced to constantly justify and explain your choices is a great way to catch flaws in logic, but it comes at a high cost. Translating my (often vague, half-formed) thoughts into English is an intensive activity - it uses up brainpower that I would rather use to further refine my ideas and code.

I am able to make context switch very quickly and am very focus when working. So I am not bothered if my colleagues interrupt me for questions or jokes. I am willing to help as much as I can. I am not bothered if I am under the crossfire of a nerf-gun fight. Still, pair programming is not for me. My productivity would drop like a rock.

I personally don't like pairing very much. I like be in the zone and crank out code. Then I do a pull request and get one of my teamates review the code. He can spot mistakes, show a trick I could have used and so on. I think we get most benefits of pair programming without having to be 2 guys on 1 screen.

Probably just a matter of opinion though.

When and how often is it the newbies' turn at the keyboard?

And as the senior feels slowed down, how can he then cope with impatience?

I think it's often hard to tell. One way of addressing this problem is to eliminate the friction associated with switching roles.

We always pair with two keyboards, two mice, and two monitors plugged into the same machine. There's just too much friction associated with switching spots if you only have one keyboard.

If you don't have the equipment for that setup, you can set up a virtual pairing station with ssh and tmux pretty easily.

so basically both are fiddling around with the same cursor?

But yeah, 2 keyboards are a necessity

The senior should assume he will be slowed down (if working with a noob). This is just a matter of how much patience the senior has. One easy solution is to take breaks.

Another thing to mention is that we generally rotate pairs fairly regularly. A developer will work with others with very different levels of experience both in general and within Braintree.

But then again, I spend far more time thinking than I do typing.

For instance, I can see startup / smaller projects embracing this philosophy more simply because you probably have more members of your team who cross-cut components in terms of expertise and responsibility. In those instances, sometimes I want to know what's going on in other components (mainly because these components are, well, small). In larger companies, this would probably be less effective, since people are more specialized.

However, I think that the second point -- "Pairing accelerates new developers like a rocket" -- can and should be applied to all organizations. This is the biggest complaint I hear about internships -- too often, companies simply throw junior developers into the pool to swim because they're "not worth" devoting 2-3 days of "real" developer time to get the intern up to speed. Often times, the startup cost of learning the development process, learning the build, learning the framework, learning the test suite, etc., can slow down new employee onboarding by weeks.