There is some noise, but there are bounds. Everyone tends to have fairly common habits and periods of transition into new habits, that combined with IPs, or geolocation, or screen sizes, that you can fairly accurately pin individual devices..
Your processors, memory, and so on all have manufacturing quirks, and then workloads provide some more. The fuzzy circle of rendering times becomes easy to use.
Various places have used it since before '14. But here's one random paper that goes into more depth. [0]
