My understanding is that this is mostly a technology problem. Current solar does a lot of grid-following. If solar instead did some sort of "grid driving" with an external synchronizer I would expect this to be a fairly solvable problem.
The term of art you are probably looking for here is grid forming inverter. The ENTSO-E class list on Wikipedia is probably a good starting point for some of the problems that one might want to handle:
Put a motor-generator pair next the solar or wind farm and the problem of frequency stabilization is largely solved. Adds a big flywheel for more initial mass.
But now you've changed the economics by adding a big, inefficient (0.95*0.95%), and expensive piece of equipment.
You don't need that, though, the problem is entirely solvable through the inverters. Having some batteries also helps. Combined it's much better grid intertia than spinning motors.
It’s crazy that our grids are still held together by the speed of a physically spinning generator. It’s like driving your electric motors with brush motors or using analog tape instead of digital audio, POTS instead of VoIP. A perfectly reasonable but still obsolete technological anachronism that will be gone within our lifetimes.
Watching the enormous progress we’re making on upgrading our energy infrastructure is definitely one of the most exciting things happening in tech. People seem determined to stick to old ideas.
Inverters are the problem. They're closed source and power engineers cant test their fault behavior well.
(One of ) the problem with inverter the angular velocity of a spinning rotor is trivially easy to define and measure. The operating frequency of the grid that an inverter needs to target is hard to define under the realtime constraints of a failing grid.
Which is what brought Spain down. It wasnt the panels and windmills, it was the inverters.
It would, indeed, make sense to have standardised behaviour for the inverters (they can simulate inertia perfectly well, but a lot do not), and incentives to contribute that value to the grid. It's not a hard to define target if you just want something that looks like inertia.
And the root cause of the blackout in Spain is still mostly the subject of speculation. AFAIK there has is no official report yet into the details of how things went wrong.
Which requires inverters, which are a huge problem.
Riddle me this, what instantaneous voltage should an inverter target if the grid's at a fault condition? Stated another way, how do you define the frequency of a non-sinuoid?
Careful, get the wrong answer and you get a short and you help melt millions of dollars of equipment, some with year old lead times.
it is no riddle. you are asking questions from 1942. except you put inverter into it. so you either think about current technology or go spark some wires.
you can island and not island at same time. decentralized grid means DECENTRALIZED grid.
