Rust only protects from a very small subset of bugs (memory corruption issues and data races) but not from logic bugs which are far more common.

Rust protects against undefined behavior. This is enough that programs either panic in a well-defined way, or continue to run well enough that logging works.

Not having UB isn't exactly unique to Rust though (Rust does have some UB btw it's just not as easy to encounter as in C or C++).