Of course not. That "massive responsibility" is just baloney. Short of very obvious and egregious fraud (and even then, only if you piss off the wrong prosecutor or Congressperson), there's no penalty for being a criminally negligent CEO beyond losing the job (which usually comes with some sort of buy-out, so boo-fucking-hoo).

There are lot of CEOs who went to jail. Here[1] is the list of like a dozen of them.

[1]: https://blog.cheapism.com/business-crime/