The big 2024 National Academies consensus paper says that they see similar long term damage from chronic fatigue syndrome and several rare diseases, but don't mention this as an outcome from more common viruses.[1] (Skip ahead to the summary).
The big open question is cumulative damage from multiple COVID-19 infections.[2] There are now many people who have had COVID more than once. (US: 60% at least once, maybe 11% more than once.) A few people have had it many more times, but that seems to involve some pre-existing condition. A VA study of older veterans indicates that cumulative damage is real in older adults. As
time goes on, there will be more previously healthy people who have had COVID multiple times, and this question will be answered the hard way.
Energy depletion indicated by the reduced levels of ATP and GTP has been described in several studies on infectious diseases and endotoxemia16,17,18. Reduced ATP levels in blood and various organs, including the liver, have been previously associated with influenza virus infection in a mouse model16. Decreased GTP levels have been shown in the lung tissues of rabbits treated with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide17. Increases in the serum levels of hypoxanthine and inosine have also been reported in patients with primary dengue virus infection at the febrile stage, suggesting an imbalance of ATP and/or GTP synthesis and degradation during the acute stage of the dengue fever18. These studies and ours indicate that regulatory energy depletion is a common symptom of infectious diseases.
In this article, we provide a novel hypothesis to describe how an increase in cellular adenosine triphosphate (c-ATP) can potentially improve the efficiency of innate and adaptive immune systems to either prevent or fight off COVID-19.
The big open question is cumulative damage from multiple COVID-19 infections.[2] There are now many people who have had COVID more than once. (US: 60% at least once, maybe 11% more than once.) A few people have had it many more times, but that seems to involve some pre-existing condition. A VA study of older veterans indicates that cumulative damage is real in older adults. As time goes on, there will be more previously healthy people who have had COVID multiple times, and this question will be answered the hard way.
[1] https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/27756/chapter/1
[2] https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/well/live/covid-reinfecti...