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They don't. Doing studies on living human fetuses is an admin nightmare. So they use analogues. Black hole physicists also resort to analogues as thier subjects are similarly difficult to manipulate.



I would hope that the epistemological status of medical discoveries exceeds somewhat that of knowledge of black holes.


Not a good analogy since only one of those is actually present on Earth.


But both are untouchable.


You can image and get in vivo estimates of brain volume. Here is a paper that does so: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8583264/




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