EDIT: this is for nuclear fuel enriched to 3% in a normal (not breeder) reactor 35000 MJ per 10g pellet
https://whatisnuclear.com/energy-density.html Only a tiny fraction of the total energy is actually used
Iron-air batteries (1,200 Wh/kg), and in general metal-air [1], might bring a surprise after 2024: December 2022, "Form Energy will site first American iron-air battery manufacturing plant in Weirton, West Virginia" [2].
[1] 2017, Yanguang Li, Jun Lu, Metal–Air Batteries: Will They Be the Future Electrochemical Energy Storage Device of Choice?https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b00119 Betteridge's law of headlines answers "no", but good overview.
The various "-air" batteries tend to have major downsides...
They tend to get heavier as they discharge. They usually aren't rechargeable (or if they are, only a few times or with much lower energy densities). They tend to self-discharge within a few weeks of non-use.
Yes, there are downsides, as always in engineering, it's a matter of managing the compromises for the current implementation and researching better solutions for the next iteration.
its worse actually for ICE because you are probably only accounting for engine efficiency but there are also transmission losses to the wheel. Further all the 3000 or so component of ICE weight fair bit too. I have not seen any analysis on combine energy to the wheel/Kg comparison between ICE & EVs but I'd bet it gets significantly worse for IC cars even at 500wh/Kg.
Doesn't gasoline habe to (typically) go through carnot efficiency limits though when it combusts?
IIRC, EV motors are 90% efficient with battery power --> road power conversion. A typical ICE engine is, what, 30% efficient and maybe a bit more with good turbo design. So practically gasoline is about 4000 Wh/kg?
Not sure what over 250 Wh/kg means. Wikipedia mentions Specific energy 100–265 Wh/kg and Energy density 250–693 Wh/L quoting papers from 2010/1 and 2016/7 [1]. Other sources mention similar numbers (100-265 Wh/kg or 250-670 Wh/L) [2], although the research is ongoing: "Tesla’s new 4680 cells have an energy density of 272-296 Wh/kg and which is considered very high by current standards" [3].
Thanks for the sources, as said this shows the article is highly suspect if your "maximum theoretical energy density" figure already is beaten by in-the-market devices.
Yes, it would seem preferable to reuse the same energy storage over and over again, as opposed to digging it out of the ground at huge expense, shipping it across the world, and then spreading it out into the environment as a cloud of toxic particles after one use.
You're forgetting to take into account that an electric drivetrain (power electronics and electric motor) is several times more efficient than a gasoline drivetrain (ICE motor and gearbox). It also weighs less.
You do have to lug the battery around even when depleted but electric motors are ~3 times more efficient than combustion engines, so if you got to energy density parity you would still have a much lighter car, all the time.
Wow, that's amazing, creeping up towards the energy density of gasoline at around 1200 Wh/kg
Of course you don't have to lug around the spent gasoline after you've used it, but that's really the problem too innit?