If you haven't done this, set the MaxPrice field when sending SMS with an API provider such as Twilio. The message will fail to send if the cost of the sms exceeds the price you set.
Founder of https://www.plivo.com here. We have seen similar patterns of fraud on our customers primarily in the international markets, outside the US & Canada. It typically happens on repeating number ranges that are sometimes not even in service. MaxPrice approach did not work well based on our experience as this would lead to just blocking certain destinations completely. Alternatively, what we found better was have a geo permissions related options where customers could block destinations that are never used at a network level and additionally introduce rate limits for those networks, so its not open to an attack. Plivo's console screenshot here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/kbw3l0oyw7fcjmr/plivo_console_sms_...
That's up to you; Twilio's pricing varies from country to country. US is less than a penny per text; Russia is $0.70 each. Set according to your needs.
Some folks build (or use) telecommunication systems that work for (cell) phones. Believe it or not but for receiving a notification via text message you nobody needs to install any apps or even require a smartphone and/or internet access :)
It's still mostly used for malicious tracking. In many countries you have to use your identity to get a phone number, and SMS verification exploits this to track users.
This is not possible in most of EU markets, KYC is mandatory and even prepaid SIM cards must be registered and verified with ID before SIM is used for data or calls. Old SIMs without registration were blocked until they would be registered. Some exceptions may exist, but this will be harder and harder in future.
https://support.twilio.com/hc/en-us/articles/360014170533-Us...