Really hard question to answer simply. They're two languages that are at very opposite ends of the spectrum, yet they can usually both accomplish the same goal. I think the main difference is that Rust is significantly faster and uses less memory in the majority of cases, but also harder to learn and to reason about. Good package manager, tooling, etc, is a nice to have.

Python focuses on being simple, interpreted and dynamicaly typed, Rust requires you to specify the exact types of all the things (like C/C++) which allows it to generate really optimal compiled machine code before execution, it has more information to work with. Accessing a struct/"object" field is not a hash table lookup, it's a direct pointer access, as the exact size of things are known at compilation time.

If you're writing a script, a tool, a small game, it's simpler to use Python. If you're writing a database engine, a mission-critical piece of code that has to behave predictably without the possibility of random GC pauses, anything that has realtime constraints such as audio, lower-level languages like C, C++ and Rust are a must.

A lot of higher-level folk seem to enjoy Rust as well, especially in networking/the web, for whom the speed is worth the additional difficulty and complexity.