I'm tempted to generalize this sentence to "Learning (anything) teaches you how to think".
Computing certainly conveys a stronger worldview than, say, skateboarding, but I really think mastering any activity can be a valuable and profound lesson.
The thing about computer programming is it is unforgiving - your program works or it doesn't. You cannot talk it, fool it, force it, etc., into working. Learning programming forces a certain reality check into your learning that is absent from many other disciplines.
I think it's less about the unforgiving nature of programming and much more about the immediate and (usually) precise feedback that you get when you fail that makes it so good at teaching you how to think. I wish every skill I wanted to learn came with a compiler and a debugger.
One of the differences between computer science and other fields is that, in a sense, computer science is a meta-field: it's the study of information. You learn how to solve problems from the very foundation, empirically. In that way it's probably akin to philosophy, although I don't know enough philosophy to be sure. Basically, instead of solving problems you're solving the problem of how to solve problems.
This is what makes computer science, along with a few similar fields (mathematics comes to mind) very special.
Computing certainly conveys a stronger worldview than, say, skateboarding, but I really think mastering any activity can be a valuable and profound lesson.