a quick skim suggests this guide is largely motivated reasoning rather than being objective, as it immediately jumps to solar, wind, and batteries as its conclusive remedy. that's unrealistically simplistic, despite its length. something as large and complex as our global energy supply will need us pursuing every option simultaneously. and the most immediate thing to tackle is coal (being the most polluting, estimated to kill millions per year), for which nuclear needs to be a significant component (being baseload).
There are many different consensuses. In this case the most important consensus is what is the opinion shared by the operators of electricity grids and the like, because ultimately they will need to match energy supply and demand.
Their consensus is that specifically batteries are completely nonviable for long-term balancing of intermittent energy sources. Physics simply do not add up.
Batteries are not produced at a scale nearly large enough to be impactful. The world consumes 2,500 TWh of electricity per hour. And that's set to increase as less wealthy countries develop and start demanding A/C, street lights, etc. And on top of that, electricity production is only ~40% of carbon emissions (meaning, electrifying heating, transport, metallurgy, etc. will drive up electricity demand even further).
By comparison, the world produces 300-400 GWh of batteries each year. Most of which is going to electronics and electric vehicles. Battery production has been increasing, but it's unclear if the supply of input materials can keep up. The price of lithium jumped 400% last year: https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/lithium
Moore's law is the exception, not the norm, because making chips faster works by making transistors smaller. This doesn't apply to most products, as even zero manufacturing costs cannot bring cost below input materials. Imagine the cost of a car went from $500,000 in 1910, $50,000 in 1920, and $5,000 in 1930. Is is safe to assume that a car would cost $5 in 1960 and $0.50 in 1970?
That's my point: electrifying heating and transportation will increase electricity use beyond the current 2.5Tw and make it even harder to provision the same duration of grid storage. I added the content in parentheses in case this was unclear.
Higher electricity demand is a problem is you're trying to. Build grid storage. And no, not everyone is onboard with the idea that battery cost is going to plunge by orders of magnitude. In fact, the opposite trend is happening. Battery costs have increased recently: https://www.utilitydive.com/news/new-york-battery-storage-co...
> the state's higher storage target and DPS and grid operator support will slash costs to $150-$200 kWh by the end of the decade, based on BloombergNEF estimates.
They have dropped an order of magnitude since 2008, so I'd maybe expect a few more years before it does it again but that does appear to be the current prediction.
If their predictions are that costs are going to decrease, but when push comes to shove costs increase above expectations then what does that say about the value of these predictions?
I think he is over optimistic about future and not taking human factor into consideration (human nature, geopolitics, wars, upcoming big crisis around the world because of climate change effects, huge human migrations etc). What he describes is the best case scenario.
right, it's the most optimistic possible scenario, if all of the assumptions (of which there are a lot) are correct and as you point out, all omissions (of which there are a lot, despite the length) are negligible. there are some citations, but the narrative project a certain future way beyond what the meager research suggests.
the article does provide a nice survey of clean tech, but the conclusions should be disregarded.
Nuclear is very important. It's just not scaling fast enough.
I don't see a future where next-gen SMR nor fusion gets to cost parity with renewables quickly or easily. They will have to scale up via beachhead markets adjacent to existing electricity demand sources.
Long term, I do think economically viable fusion will supplant renewables, but that's decades away.
nuclear is not scaling fast enough because it's been subject to 40 years of negative mediopolitical narrative reinforced by poor market and technical regulation. nuclear easily gets to cost parity with renewables when you consider the needed storage for baseload usage and the more advanced grid control variable generation requires.
in the US, had we continued to build nuclear at the rate we were between the 70s and 90s, we'd be at over 50% nuclear for electricity generation, which would have knocked coal completely out of the equation, leaving only nuclear (baseload), gas (variable demand), and renewables (opportunistic generation). over 70 years, fission-based nuclear has caused 99+% fewer human deaths than fossil fuels have.
and yes, there's no need to pin any hopes on fusion right now, which is decades away at best.
If we wanted to build nuclear out like it was the 70's we needed to ensure that 3MI didn't happen in '79. This was the death of the industry in the US. Chernobyl buried it in a lead coffin 6 feet deeper, and Fukushima topped it with concrete. On top of that in the war in Ukraine with fighting around the nuclear power plants has made us that much more aware that the stable political environments that nuclear requires cannot be guaranteed.
We're now seeing nuclear plants in a conventional warfare warzone for the first time in history.
Creators of a Texas plant thought it would never freeze (or that if it did it wouldn't matter with the government's gift of a an extremely small liability cap on nuclear), so they didn't put enough safety stuff for that scenario and had to shut down a reactor unplanned.
What’s baseload? If you mean minimum demand from the grid, in Western Australia where I am it’s around 5% of peak demand,
In South Australia it’s zero.
In Western Australia coal will be gone by the end of the decade. In South Australia it’s gone already and generation from gas is on a strong downward trend too.
Australia’s conservative electricity system planning is expecting the country to hit 80% renewables. That’s going to end up being the lower bound.
> What’s baseload? If you mean minimum demand from the grid, in Western Australia where I am it’s around 5% of peak demand, In South Australia it’s zero.
