Probiotics are not necessarily low risk when used during or after antibiotics usage.
Quoting directly from [1] "Effect of Probiotic Use on Antibiotic Administration Among Care Home Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
"...participants who were randomized to the probiotic group were administered significantly more antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infections, had small but statistically significant lower self-reported generic well-being/capability scores at 3 months, and a prespecified sensitivity analysis found a significant increase in cumulative systemic antibiotic days.
These findings should be interpreted with caution, given multiple testing. However, this study does not rule out harm from probiotics. Certain probiotics may delay the return of the host gut microbiome to its normal state after antibiotic treatment,[2] and a retrospective single-center study found probiotic exposure was associated with C difficile infection in hospitalized patients.[3]"
[1] Butler CC, Lau M, Gillespie D, et al. Effect of Probiotic Use on Antibiotic Administration Among Care Home Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(1):47–56. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8556
[2] Suez J , Zmora N , Zilberman-Schapira G , et al Post-antibiotic gut mucosal microbiome reconstitution is impaired by probiotics and improved by autologous FMT. Cell. 2018;174(6):1406-1423.e1416. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047
[3] Carvour ML , Wilder SL , Ryan KL , et al. Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection and predictive impact of probiotic use in a diverse hospital-wide cohort. Am J Infect Control. 2019;47(1):2-8. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2018.07.014
Quoting directly from [1] "Effect of Probiotic Use on Antibiotic Administration Among Care Home Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
"...participants who were randomized to the probiotic group were administered significantly more antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infections, had small but statistically significant lower self-reported generic well-being/capability scores at 3 months, and a prespecified sensitivity analysis found a significant increase in cumulative systemic antibiotic days.
These findings should be interpreted with caution, given multiple testing. However, this study does not rule out harm from probiotics. Certain probiotics may delay the return of the host gut microbiome to its normal state after antibiotic treatment,[2] and a retrospective single-center study found probiotic exposure was associated with C difficile infection in hospitalized patients.[3]"
[1] Butler CC, Lau M, Gillespie D, et al. Effect of Probiotic Use on Antibiotic Administration Among Care Home Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(1):47–56. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8556
[2] Suez J , Zmora N , Zilberman-Schapira G , et al Post-antibiotic gut mucosal microbiome reconstitution is impaired by probiotics and improved by autologous FMT. Cell. 2018;174(6):1406-1423.e1416. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047
[3] Carvour ML , Wilder SL , Ryan KL , et al. Predictors of Clostridium difficile infection and predictive impact of probiotic use in a diverse hospital-wide cohort. Am J Infect Control. 2019;47(1):2-8. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2018.07.014