Brilliant post this, I always wondered how the ambiguity in ranging signals is taken care of (you can measure the phase shift but how do you know what the offset in whole waves is?) and this post explains it in a few sentences, which for such a complicated subject is quite a feat.

Apollo instead used pseudo-random code for ranging. CuriousMarc have great ongoing series on restoring Apollo S-band equipment: https://youtu.be/v49ucdZcx9s?t=423