Historical bank runs were associated with a variety of causes; while some were caused mostly by bank failure due to asset shocks, others (e.g. the panics of 1893 and of 1933) were clearly marked by contagion, and even healthy banks were ruined by runs. https://eh.net/encyclopedia/banking-panics-in-the-us-1873-19...

(+ Postscript for original post: I typoed BIS as BLS because I'm used to the latter, oops)