No, they wouldn't. Sound travels at the speed of sound. That speed is the same regardless of the frequency (although it varies by temperature and air pressure). Supersonic things travel faster than sounds.
You could get around this by, say, making the air itself move directly towards the person nearly as quickly as the meteor, but that is probably safe to exclude as a possibility.
When they enter the atmosphere, yes, but not when they reach the surface of the earth. Any rock-like object below ~15 m in size will reach terminal velocity before hitting the ground.
But this object was not traveling at supersonic speeds when it hit the house. Meteorites below a certain size slow down to terminal velocity long before they reach the surface.
Dogs can indeed hear ultrasonic frequencies, but ultrasonic frequencies of sound, being sounds, travel at the speed of sound. Things that travel faster than the speed of sound go faster than sounds.
You could get around this by, say, making the air itself move directly towards the person nearly as quickly as the meteor, but that is probably safe to exclude as a possibility.