I had the exact same problem - as others have already said, its a problem with electron not having Wayland support. I solved it in two different ways:

- An unofficial Teams app (https://github.com/IsmaelMartinez/teams-for-linux) which works great - screen sharing works without problems, no crashing, and native notifications!.

- Use teams in qutebrowser: the dev (The-Compiler) added support for screensharing and it works great. Just like the unofficial app above, it also has native notifications, not the weird popup notifications of the official app.