I don't know about the latest models, but Intel's CPUs have had overheat throttling and shutdown (known as PROCHOT) since the Pentium II. AMDs of the time didn't, and there's a famous TomsHardware video showing what happens if the heatsink was suddenly removed from one.
It's been my understanding and experience that CPUs will automatically throttle and then completely shut down if they get too hot, so seeing damage mentioned is a little surprising. I've encountered ill-designed laptops which would overheat and shut down if left at the BIOS setup screen for too long because the OEM software (drivers) to control the fans would only be present if the OS was loaded, but that didn't result in any actual damage.
It's been my understanding and experience that CPUs will automatically throttle and then completely shut down if they get too hot, so seeing damage mentioned is a little surprising. I've encountered ill-designed laptops which would overheat and shut down if left at the BIOS setup screen for too long because the OEM software (drivers) to control the fans would only be present if the OS was loaded, but that didn't result in any actual damage.