Since we're on this topic, is there any explanation why these over-processed images (particularly when they're over-sharpened) make me physiologically uncomfortable/disgusted? Like, literally vomit-inducing.

Maybe something to do with the uncanny valley [1]? It's mostly real, but just fake enough to feel... off.

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncanny_valley

Probably an evolutionary response for ingestion of psychedelic compounds? I would also like to know more so if you know the name of this phenomenon please share.

Maybe not; those deep dream zoom videos that were popular some years back made me physically uncomfortable to the point of nausea and bad lightheadedness ..!

It's a very milder one but yes.

These images (the ones in OP aren't that bad, but some in /r/shittyHDR [1] definitely) do make me uncomfortable in a way similar to these "Deep Dream" images.

[1] https://www.reddit.com/r/shittyHDR/

I spent the whole time I was looking at them trying to imagine them without the HDR. It's horrible to me.