https://www.sven.de/dpi/ will give you the literal PPI for any display assuming square pixels. If you take 96/PPI you get the literal scaling factor. If you apply this scaling factor to the display (preferably OS level) when an app says "make a line 5 inches wide" and you put a ruler up to the screen it should now actually be 5 inches wide (note many displays round up their size e.g. 28" might really be a 27.5" diagonally which can affect the result). On the web 1 CSS "pixel" is defined to be 1/96th an inch regardless of how big an actual pixel on the display is for backwards compatibility purposes and the system scaling factor * browser zoom let the browser know how many pixels need to be drawn for 1 "CSS pixel". This means there is no actual pixel layout in CSS, "px" is really just shorthand for "1/96th an inch" which on traditional density displays happens to also be 1 physical px.
For perceived size you need to also factor in your viewing distance though which matters more with things like monitors and TVs that can vary in position a lot from setup to setup vs a phone in your hand or laptop at hands reach for the keyboard. That is to say viewing a 4k TV from 15 feet a 1 inch image covers less visual arc than viewing the same 1 inch image a 4k phone 1 foot from your face so you've got to correct display distance against some assumed standard view distance. For computer displays this is assumed to be ~2 feet which should let you do some math based on the actual distance to your monitor to get intended visual size.
Now the fun part is personal preference can still work it's way in at that last step. The above lets you get to a standard perceived size and should be used as for exporting and publishing things so the above all works (i.e. if you publish something made on a display that showed things as being half the standard size without correcting the scale when publishing and everyone bases their scaling on standard size then everyone ends up having to zoom 200% on your website even though their scaling factor is set correctly). On the other hand the above does not mean that you MUST set it that way to view content though. Have bad eyes? Just like things bigger? Set your scaling factor to be 2x bigger than your scaling is "supposed to be" - just remember when you publish content you need to set the scaling of the layout/content to 50% or you'll break everyone else's scaling factors.
tl;dr: Assuming 2 ft view distance, 2560x1440, and square pixels it should actually already be around the standard scaling anywhere between 100% or 125%. At 3 ft perceptually more like the 175% you're used to (especially if you lean back in your chair while reading).
For perceived size you need to also factor in your viewing distance though which matters more with things like monitors and TVs that can vary in position a lot from setup to setup vs a phone in your hand or laptop at hands reach for the keyboard. That is to say viewing a 4k TV from 15 feet a 1 inch image covers less visual arc than viewing the same 1 inch image a 4k phone 1 foot from your face so you've got to correct display distance against some assumed standard view distance. For computer displays this is assumed to be ~2 feet which should let you do some math based on the actual distance to your monitor to get intended visual size.
Now the fun part is personal preference can still work it's way in at that last step. The above lets you get to a standard perceived size and should be used as for exporting and publishing things so the above all works (i.e. if you publish something made on a display that showed things as being half the standard size without correcting the scale when publishing and everyone bases their scaling on standard size then everyone ends up having to zoom 200% on your website even though their scaling factor is set correctly). On the other hand the above does not mean that you MUST set it that way to view content though. Have bad eyes? Just like things bigger? Set your scaling factor to be 2x bigger than your scaling is "supposed to be" - just remember when you publish content you need to set the scaling of the layout/content to 50% or you'll break everyone else's scaling factors.
tl;dr: Assuming 2 ft view distance, 2560x1440, and square pixels it should actually already be around the standard scaling anywhere between 100% or 125%. At 3 ft perceptually more like the 175% you're used to (especially if you lean back in your chair while reading).