I found All About Circuits to be a great resource when I was a teenager. after skimming this site, I'd say it's too focused on math fundamentals, and not enough on "yeah but how does it ACTUALLY work?". I feel like All About Circuits does a good job of skimming over details that are not going to be important until you've built up some more knowledge.

Anyway, it's a great resource, and was a big part of why I decided to do EE instead of CS. It's also got pictures; lots of pictures!

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/

and for the specific example you mentioned, their section on the bipolar junction transistor is simple and accessible:

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chp...