> Over I2C, you can interact with 127 devices with just 2 pins.

In practice, I don't see that many chips offering 7 bits of address configuration. You buy a chip, it has a hardwired address. Maybe a pin or two for selecting another address.

There was the design I did quite a few years ago now. Grabbed a old design, changed the board shape, put a third I2C device on. Everything powered up beautifully first go... and it was only then we worked out two of the devices from different vendors had the same I2C address. <facepalm>

That's still seven bits of address, though. If you're lucky, the hardwired part will be different enough between chips that you can still have a significant number of them on a bus.

I've yet to get above 4 devices without conflicts. Even with evenly distributed addresses, you reach about 50% chance of conflict with 13 devices because of the birthday paradox.

Agreed, but most I2C busses only have 2 or 3 devices on them. There are some boards with 16 or so devices on the same bus, but much more than that and you'd better hope you can either program their addresses or order them with a specific address, or you might end up with 2 chips with the same address.

I've worked on server hardware with dozens of devices on a bus :-). Making sure addresses were programmable was a must indeed.

This happened to me once. Used proximity infrared sensors that used I2C with a fixed address. Needed to use multiple of them. I was able to fix it with a tri-state buffer, but quite the pain to figure out why things were not working and coming up with a solution.

For that many devices on SPI, run 7 pins to an address decoder that fans out to 128. You can do this in the spare pins of an FPGA that you might have for some other purpose, and the 7 pins are cut down to one or less if you've already put much into the FPGA. For example, the FPGA provides 4096 bytes of registers (12 address bits) to the MCU but only needs 3700 registers, so use one of the spare bytes to control which SPI CS is enabled.

I've also seen JTAG as an alternative to I2C and SPI. JTAG can be part of normal operation.

Not always the case that you need the pin count, a good number of SPI devices support daisy chaining[1].

[1] https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-document...

Cool! I've never seen this before.

The downside is of course that you need a lot of clock cycles before the data reaches the corresponding device, which makes this too inefficient for certain applications.

If you only want to select one device at a time (which is often the case) then you only need log2(devices) pins on the microcontroller because you can decode that binary number into the appropriate chip select.

Obviously that requires more hardware on the board tho'.

I don't think I've ever run more than 5 or 6 devices on an I2C bus without running into rise time, bus contention, or address collision issues. Some devices scoop tons of addresses, and most only allow re-assignment to a few alternate addresses.

I agree it's still lower pin count than SPI, but realistically you don't get anywhere near 127 devices.

this is a very good point, and i have had the same experience. its also super common for very cheap, very low end custom ics to use i2c for the same reason; keeping the pin count and package size down

No reason why you need to reset them individually ;-).