Curious about this question of direct subsidies, will re-read the IMF report and see if they break these categories out.

IMF report summary:

- $5.3T global subsidy in 2015

- 6% growth per year between 2011 and 2015

- 6.5% of world GDP (2015), 6.4% (2013)

- 24 countries have a subsidy >10% of their own GDP (including China, India, Russia)

- Highest by percentage of GDP is Ukraine, 60.73% of GDP

Source: IMF “Counting the Cost of Energy Subsidies” (2015)

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/05/02/Glo...