Interesting hypothesis. Primordial black holes -- if they exist -- have a tendency to be very small, and very small black holes evaporate extremely quickly. The smallest ones couldn't have survived to the present day. An Earth-mass black hole is big enough to have survived until now, but I was under the impression PBHs that big were posited to be very rare.
Even a moon mass black hole would survive. The temperature would be about 2.7 kelvin, same as the CMB is now. So any blackhole created at or after the big bang will have stayed the same or gained mass.
The threshold I could find for surviving since the big bang is around 10^11 kg which is quite a bit smaller than the moon. 10^11 kg is quite a bit compared to human scale, more than the mass of the Three Gorges Dam, but quite small on the astronomical scale (10^11 times smaller than the moon).
So while an earth mass black hole is small (9mm), it will last quite long indeed. The evaporation time is proportional to the mass^3.
Something about your comment triggered a primal fear in me of tiny, immortal 9mm bullets of non-existence fired randomly in space at all directions until I remembered an earth-mass black hole, while about a centime wide, it's still has a full gravity field the size of Earth's. If one's coming our way, we probably can't do much, but we'll see it coming.
Seems unlikely. It emits close to nothing, it's temperature is less than 2.7 kelvin, and we'd have to be spectacularly lucky to see a micro lensing event with such a small mass.
Hell we barely notice when a several km comet enters the solar system and I've read about fairly large asteroids getting closer to the earth than the moon before being noticed.
We are going to notice a 9mm black hole? Maybe if it punctured Jupiter first.
A black hole with the mass of Earth out of sync with it surroundings will surely emit a lot on UV and X-rays. Space isn't completely empty, and the stuff on its path won't orbite it.
If you removed the earth, except for the moon the solar system would change very little.
Sure if the earth came between Jupiter and it's moons there might be some chaos, but the likelyhood of that is minimal. Even if it did happen we would notice, but the earth massed black hole would be very unlikely to make it into the inner solar system at that point.
The earth is a minor gravitational force in the solar system, most likely the effects would take significant time to notice... well after the nearest approach. Small gravitational tugs take many samples and significant time to notice. For example the outer solar system still doesn't add up... and we have no idea why.
The outer solar system is pretty well accounted for. For many years we thought it wasn't, and kept hunting for another (sufficiently-massive so not Pluto) planet beyond Neptune. The discrepancy turned out to be an overestimation of Neptune's mass, which was resolved by Voyager and subsequent observations. We've now ruled out anything of Neptune's mass or greater existing out to at least 100 AU and likely several multiples of that.
Probably not. It would be something that would likely have to be observed over multiple complete orbital cycles and basically somebody basically run into it by accident. By which, of course, the earth in this hypothetical, would be long dead.
This whole topic and discussion makes me think about "The Nothing" that rips apart the world in the movie The Neverending Story. I had nightmares from the movie and The Nothing for weeks after watching the movie when I was around ten years old. 1984 might really be approaching, not the book, but The Neverending Story which was released then.
You should read Seveneves by Neal Stephenson. The plot of that book follows the events after a primordial black hole streaks through the Moon, causing it to implode. It's packed with detail, but interesting for anyone interested in space and engineering.
Hmmm, that's not what happened in the Seveneves I read... The reason for the moons destruction was never mentioned iirc. The 'Agent' was never revealed.
> immortal 9mm bullets of non-existence fired randomly in space at all directions until I remembered an earth-mass black hole, while about a centime wide
Now imagine what a strong force an electron could provide :D
Total (unqualified) spitballing, but wouldn't a black hole "bullet" that hit the Earth experience effectively 0 frictional losses? By definition it won't be pushing stuff out of the way, so it seems like an inbound black hole would punch right through the Earth. Local gravity is probably going to be quite nasty during the transit, but beyond that, it seems like a fairly survivable event.
Well, do you know how we "see" black holes? The "body" of a black hole is nothing but darkness, but we see the radiation given off by the mass accelerating toward the black hole event horizon that can often reach significant fractions of c. Given the high mass density of a planet compared to space, a massive amount of hard radiation will be released.
Also the relative velocities of earth and the black hole is extremely important. Depending on the relative velocities, it's possible that the blackhole simply gets lodged in the earth's core and we're 100% dead, another 100% dead scenario is if it plunges in, out the other side, but then "falls back" for another pass and so on.
Won't it pull some of the matter it passes through under the event horizon? The extremely curved spacetime will likely turn rock to dust in near vicinity. Then, as the mass grows, so would the gravitational pull, while the speed relative to the planet being punctured would lower due to conservation of momentum.
If the tiny bullet-class black hole makes it through a planet, it could gain significant additional mass, and leave quite an exit wound.
An earth’s mass black hole has a ~1cm sized event horizon. It would suck up matter several times that, but it’s not enough to gain significant mass relative to it’s size on a single pass. This stays true as you scale things down.
Something in the 10^12 kg range is going to have an atomic scale event horizon so it’s not picking up significant mass as it shoots through the earth.
If a random PBH of 9mm traveled at near light speed through Earth, would it even pull anything into the event horizon that is not within close range of that 9mm diameter?
For example, it travels through Earth and then leaves a 9mm hole throughout the planet.
I'm not good at physics, but it seems to me if this 9mm object had the mass of earth, then at a distance of about 6400 km it would exert 1G, and at minimal distance, it would exert about a zillion Gs. So even assuming it didn't pull in matter per se, the gravity and tidal forces ought to destroy earth about as effectively as colliding with a regular earth sized planet.
In some exotic models, dark matter acts like bullets that are always flying through you, but with a tiny chance could interact and leave something basically like a bullet wound: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.06674
I read a fiction book about a tiny black hole getting caught in the planets gravity well then falling threw Earth back and forth just fucking stuff up every time. Scary stuff.
If I thought for a few more minutes I could probably come up with a half dozen examples (or expanded the definition to include eating the moon or mars, or included ones where it would be a massive spoiler)...
A gravitationally captured/trapped black hole eating earth is relatively common plot device in science fiction.
If it's not moving quickly, we would notice its gravitational interaction with the well-known dynamics of the various large objects already in our solar system. A 9mm black hole's gravitational influence would be fairly subtle though compared to a multiple Earth-mass black hole; the bowling ball sized black hole mentioned in the paper as an upper bound is not the kind of thing that could wander into the inner solar system unnoticed.
This comments, reminds me of the dual vector attack in the Death's End novel of Remembrance of Earth's Past trilogy from the writer Liu Cixin. Its was a small object fired at the solar system by a highly advance race, where 3d space was projected into a 2d plane so the whole solar system was destroyed.
A black hole with 10^11 Kg seems to have a temperature of about 1.2 * 10^12 K. Even though it would be small, it would be emitting crazy amounts of all sorts of photons.
It's a black hole, that's not going to be throwing off black body radiation like that. It would be just hawking radiation plus whatever effects from matter in its accretion disk. That would still amount to pumping out 35.6 GW of hawking radiation, but being small isn't something that would inhibit it releasing energy, it's the other way around. So in other words, tiny black holes give off gobs of energy whereas larger ones do not.
I'm curious how an object this size with a planet's mass is not sweeping all the dust and rocks in its area as it moves through its orbit, like Jupiter cleans up the outer solar system. Even interstellar space has around 1e6 loose ions per cc. Is it radiating faster than it's eating?
Gravity doesn't care what size the object is, from far enough away. It would sweep the same area as any other density of planet with the same mass. For something at 5 earth masses, that's not a very big area.
Almost none of the orbital sweeping effect comes from collisions. Even Jupiter is tiny, in the scope of space. The majority of orbital sweeping comes from repeated gravitational deflection.
Having a tiny radius will reduce the amount of of collisions, but it won't have a significant impact on orbital clearing.
The comment mentioned "eating" specifically, where I felt collisions would be important. You're right that for clearing the size of the object isn't very important.
They are looking at several objects between approx. 1-20 Earth-masses (presumably they were bigger during primordial creation; this is their size, now, after 13 billion years of evaporation).
The bigger the black hole, the slower it evaporates. By the time you get up into planetary sizes they basically don't change mass on the time scale of stars. (From this wonderful calculator [0], a black hole with a mass of 6.0x10^24 kg - about that of the earth - would have a lifetime of ~5.75x10^50 years)
So if there's a 1-20 Earth-mass black hole out there, it hasn't evaporated from anything appreciably larger to get to that point.
Earth-mass black holes have surface temperatures well under that of the cosmic background radiation and will not have evaporated, they'd have been literally accreting mass just from the background. You need to get down to the billion-ish tons range to find black holes that can have appreciably evaporated over the life of the universe.
An Earth mass black hole has a Schwarzschild radius of about 9mm. It would devour mostly CMB photons, individual gas molecules, and very rarely small dust particles.
Thanks for teaching me how tiny it would be. I had no idea!
With the gravity of a whole planet it would still attract a lot of stray matter. I don't know how many collisions that would generate though. Mostly just deflected orbits and captured satellites, I assume.
But surely a lot more than a "regular matter" 9mm pellet.
Yes, it would whisk small stuff around, and affect the orbits of Kuiper belt bodies just like the hypothetical Planet Nine is theorized to do. It would give a big kick to any objects that happened to pass very close by, but such encounters would be extremely rare. I don’t think the density of tiny stuff is enough for an accretion disc to form around it, but could be wrong. If one did form, we would probably detect its radiation signature.
Actually even a moon mass blackhole (0.1mm) would be sustained just by the CMB background. Anything more than that would increase it's mass (and diameter).
Sure, possible. But the timescales involved are daunting, as is the energy/tech required to shield a blackhole with sometime so efficient that the temperature gets down below 1 kelvin.
It's not all that much energy for the timescales involved, you'd be better off just putting say an acre of solar panels in orbit around the sun.
Tiny blackholes are amazing efficient engines for turning mass into energy, once small enough they could be quite a power plant and not picky about what you feed them.
The earth is quite larger than a black hole with an earth mass. Also the earth has a huge atmosphere to help capture things.
A black hole with the same mass as the earth would be almost impossible to hit in comparison (9mm). No atmosphere to slow things down, very hard to hit, and you have to come within 1.5 * the radius before you can't escape without thrust.
So sure, some dust would be capture, but nothing anywhere close to what the earth captures a day.
