It's worth noting though that despite the clear "Congress shall make no law" introduction, the first amendment is already applied to virtually every aspect of government because beyond the restrictions on Congress it explicitly enumerates rights that belong to the people (and are then protected by the fourteenth amendment).
It's applied to states (including subdivisions) because of incorporation of various rights, including those of the First Amendment, under the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Cause not because the First Amendment, on its own, is viewed as declaring rights enforceable against the States, much less held by individuals and enforceable against other private parties.
