You could argue that ICO-style crowdfunding is the only one of these problems that's currently not solvable in any other way, purely because it's impossible to get other people to invest obscene amounts of money into dubious projects if you don't have the ability to easily give them "tokens" of some kind in return that they can hope for to increase in value, regardless of whether the tokens are useful for their advertised purpose or not.
This "problem" (which is kind of an euphemism, you could just call it "scamming") is not solvable without having a blockchain as a neutral entity that secures the tokens in question. Just giving people the same essentially-worthless "fantasy tokens" stored in a conventional database that you promise to maintain will not cut it, as people won't give you hundreds of millions in this case, but will readily do so once your tokens are on a blockchain.
This "problem" (which is kind of an euphemism, you could just call it "scamming") is not solvable without having a blockchain as a neutral entity that secures the tokens in question. Just giving people the same essentially-worthless "fantasy tokens" stored in a conventional database that you promise to maintain will not cut it, as people won't give you hundreds of millions in this case, but will readily do so once your tokens are on a blockchain.