Debt obviously predates states sponsored currency. Heck, money economies (that is, ones in which there is a generally accepted medium of exchange and unit of account for debt) predate state sponsored currency (or even states). I've never even heard of that being an active argument.
And the question was about using barter, not depending on barter exclusively; every society has used barter.
And, in any case, debt and barter are not opposed; a system that uses debt of arbitrary commodities without a commonly-accepted unit of account is still a barter system (barter systems with debt certainly have existed, whether or not they were ever the dominant basis for any economy.)
The comment that got this whole subthread started was that we would "return to barter." That implies that there was a time where economies were primarily barter based, and that the question "In what societies have humans used barter?" likely meant primarily barter. So my understanding of the question was not using, but primarily barter.
And the question was about using barter, not depending on barter exclusively; every society has used barter.
And, in any case, debt and barter are not opposed; a system that uses debt of arbitrary commodities without a commonly-accepted unit of account is still a barter system (barter systems with debt certainly have existed, whether or not they were ever the dominant basis for any economy.)