These rules are an international recommendation (set in the "Rules of the Air" by ICAO), so while the link technically is US-only the procedure described in it is not.
Yes. They are taught pre-solo. I've been flying almost 20 years, so I can't swear exactly whether they were on the FAA knowledge ("written") test or not, but these are taught very early on as part of ground school.
Many kneeboards and emergency procedure checklists have them handy as well.
Realistically, if you can remember to tune to 121.5 MHz (the universal VHF emergency frequency), that's going to be good enough for all but lost comms. For a lost comms scenario (including electrical failure), the intercept procedures are unlikely to come into play; you'll instead proceed to an airport and land.
