Does the Rust stdlib include concurrent data structures that make use of hardware-supported compare and swap? I'm thinking of an analogue to java.util.concurrent.
Not yet, but Aaron Turon, working full time on Rust, has a personal goal to make Rust have awesome support for these sort of things (lock-free data structures and other abstractions for concurrent programming). I suspect that Rust could very well become the "best" in this area.
You can see Aaron's initial work on the basics (memory management) on his blog[1], and a higher-level introduction into the power of Rust's concurrency on the main Rust blog (also written by Aaron)[2].