I'd highly advise against using GHz here (without further context, at least), a 32Gbaud / 32Gsym/s NRZ signal toggling at full rate is only a 16GHz square wave.
baud seems out of fashion, sym/s is pretty clear & unambiguous.
(And if you're talking channel bandwidth, that needs clarification)
> > I think Gen7 used 32GHz, which is ridiculously high.
> 16GHz square wave
Is it for PCIe 5.0? PCIe 6.0 should operate on the same frequency and doubling the bandwidth by using PAM4. If PCIe 7.0 doubled the bandwidth and is still PAM4, what is the underlying frequency?
And it's a good way to remove the ambiguity of things like DDR, but ugh "transfers" is not the best word here.
Looking at some documents from Micron I don't see them using GT/s anywhere. And in particular if I go look at their GDDR6X resources because those chips use PAM4, it's all about gigabits per second [per pin]. So for example 6GHz data clock, 12Gbaud, 24Gb/s/pin.
Would you rather go back to the modem days and call a 'Transfer' a 'Baud'?
PAM encoding is already analog, and also correspondingly more expensive (power, silicon size, etc) for the increase in speed.
It really wouldn't surprise me if even on workstation platforms only a subset of core lanes were Gen6+ and the common slots were redriven Gen5 or less off of a router / switch chip.
> Would you rather go back to the modem days and call a 'Transfer' a 'Baud'?
We don't have to go back, baud is still in use. I would expect transfers per second to be a synonym for baud though, and for bits per second per pin to use a different word.
Aside from GDDR for GPUs, DRAM is still mostly specified with MT/s rather than GT/s, probably because marketing prefers bigger numbers. It'll probably fall off once 5-digit numbers become commonplace.
A lot of people think that baud rate represents bits per second, which it only does in systems where the symbol set is binary. People got it from RS232.
"Wi-Fi calling" (LTE over IP over wifi) often allows you to get SMS messages over wifi only, on an ordinary cell plan: https://support.apple.com/en-us/108066 (Android supports it too)
>(More surprisingly, there is evidence that lead is an essential micronutrient in trace quantities but its biological function is not currently known.)
Do you have some links about this? I found some papers re arsenic but I can't find anything re lead.
>it was 30 or so shots into my stomach, given over multiple days - and causing a lot of soreness and pain in between. I wonder if it’s still like this, because damn
it's not like this anymore; it's just four shots in the upper arm (like any other common vaccine) over two weeks.
There has got to be some sort of two-man rule (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-man_rule) integrated into the system that can't be bypassed by the people with authority to make changes to accounts. Otherwise any insider / careless spear-phishing victim will make the changes they want.
Looking into vitamin K2 (not K1) along with vitamin D is interesting as well -- I got my bone mineral density to 99th percentile (DEXA measured) without changes in physical activity (which has just been walking) with lots of K2 and vitamin D; with the vitamin D from sunlight and a UVB phototherapy lamp when I wasn't getting lots of sunlight. My sense is that bone and teeth health are at least significantly related and I bet having excellent bone density carries over to caries, or to a lack thereof.
My guess is that typical Western diets are pretty subpar in terms of vitamin K2 intake (modern Westerners aren't usually fans of liver etc) which makes teeth pretty vulnerable to physical/chemical insult.
If there are plants (there is a patent and a paper describing this in some algae, IDK if it has been replicated or not...) that have preferences (kinetic isotope effect!) for one isotope of uranium over the other you could technically have a uranium enrichment plant made from uranium enrichment...plants.
"By following the fractionation of 233U, 235U, 236U and 238U during the enzymatic reduction of hexavalent U to tetravalent U by the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis, we provide the first direct evidence of the nuclear field shift effect during biologically controlled kinetic isotope fractionation."
It's not like you can just buy some uranium to experiment with in your home lab, so even if a normie had this idea they would probably not be able to test it in any way.
You actually can. Small quantities of natural or depleted uranium have no special nuclear regulations associated with them in the United States and can be shipped like other moderately toxic metals.
Theres 4.5 billion tons of the stuff in seawater. Enough uranium to make 70 billion little boy bombs if my math is right, using an algae perhaps you’ve designed to accumulate uranium.
I wonder what modulation order / RF bandwidth they'll be using on the PHY for Gen8. I think Gen7 used 32GHz, which is ridiculously high.