it was added in python 2.7 / 3.0

it's possible to do this with PEX. I've done this experimentally by subclassing gunicorn.app.base.Application. Haven't tried it out in prod yet though.

the fresnel effect. http://filmicgames.com/archives/557

I've had good results from converting to Lab space and geospatial indexing the ab components.

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_space

I've done some experiments packing gunicorn+ a wsgi app with PEX[1] to have a standalone executable.

Seems to work pretty well, although I haven't tried it for anything production related.

[1] http://pex.readthedocs.org/en/latest/api/index.html

I think your rental prices are a little off. Have you looked for a place in TO recently?

> but is it wise to run a webapp and Postgres on the same instance?

This really depends on the level of traffic you expect. For lower amounts, it works fine.

Law #2 makes mention of law #1:

A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.

mongoengine does do validation. It can be disabled on a per-model basis though.

using list() in this manner feels a bit weird to me.

If you want to be truly explicit, why not use the built in copy module?

eg:

    from copy import copy
    b = copy(a)   #or deepcopy(), depending on your needs

*edit: I should note that the docs for copy suggest using the slice operator.