I guess the title should have been "Four Ways to Deploy Web Apps", not "build" them. Granted, option #2 (functions) is a different beast, but all others can be built the same way but deployed differently. For example

- You can develop a static (Hugo) web site then deploy it on Fly.io using containers.

or

- You can develop a container based web site, then deploy it on a bare Linux server (k8s is not necessary for a few containers).